p(FPLX:PPP2)

Components

• p(FPLX:PPP2C)
• p(FPLX:"PPP2R_A")
• p(FPLX:"PPP2R_B")

Entity

Name

PPP2

Namespace

FPLX

Namespace Version

20180917

Namespace URL

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sorgerlab/famplex/e8ae9926ff95266032cb74f77973c84939bffbeb/export/famplex.belns

PP2A is mainly pre- sent as a soluble protein in the cytosol but it is also encoun- tered in the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and mem- branes. PubMed:22299660

Notably, methylation of PP2A catalytic C subunit on the Leu- 309 residue by leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (LCMT1) promotes the biogenesis and stabilization of PP2A/B
enzymes (20). We have shown that decreased LCMT1 activity and/or expression levels correlate with down-regulation of PP2A methylation and PP2A/B
expression levels and with concomitant accumulation of phospho-Tau in AD-affected brain regions (21), in cultured N2a neuroblastoma cells and in vivo PubMed:23943618

Notably, methylation of PP2A catalytic C subunit on the Leu- 309 residue by leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (LCMT1) promotes the biogenesis and stabilization of PP2A/B
enzymes (20). We have shown that decreased LCMT1 activity and/or expression levels correlate with down-regulation of PP2A methylation and PP2A/B
expression levels and with concomitant accumulation of phospho-Tau in AD-affected brain regions (21), in cultured N2a neuroblastoma cells and in vivo PubMed:23943618

Overexpression of UNC5B induces neuronal death by activating death-associated protein kinase (DAPK1) (19) via protein phosphatase 2A-mediated dephosphorylation of DAPK1 (20). PubMed:27068745

Potent tumor promoter, Okadaic acid (a microbial toxin), inhibits the enzymatic activity of PP2Ac and thereby has facilitated various studies to understand the functional aspects of PP2A and other phosphatases [12]. Other than Okadaic acid, calyculin A, microcystin, cantharidin, nodularm, fostriecin and tautomycin are able to inhibit PP2A activity at different IC50 values [48]. PubMed:23454242

Potent tumor promoter, Okadaic acid (a microbial toxin), inhibits the enzymatic activity of PP2Ac and thereby has facilitated various studies to understand the functional aspects of PP2A and other phosphatases [12]. Other than Okadaic acid, calyculin A, microcystin, cantharidin, nodularm, fostriecin and tautomycin are able to inhibit PP2A activity at different IC50 values [48]. PubMed:23454242

Potent tumor promoter, Okadaic acid (a microbial toxin), inhibits the enzymatic activity of PP2Ac and thereby has facilitated various studies to understand the functional aspects of PP2A and other phosphatases [12]. Other than Okadaic acid, calyculin A, microcystin, cantharidin, nodularm, fostriecin and tautomycin are able to inhibit PP2A activity at different IC50 values [48]. PubMed:23454242

Potent tumor promoter, Okadaic acid (a microbial toxin), inhibits the enzymatic activity of PP2Ac and thereby has facilitated various studies to understand the functional aspects of PP2A and other phosphatases [12]. Other than Okadaic acid, calyculin A, microcystin, cantharidin, nodularm, fostriecin and tautomycin are able to inhibit PP2A activity at different IC50 values [48]. PubMed:23454242

Potent tumor promoter, Okadaic acid (a microbial toxin), inhibits the enzymatic activity of PP2Ac and thereby has facilitated various studies to understand the functional aspects of PP2A and other phosphatases [12]. Other than Okadaic acid, calyculin A, microcystin, cantharidin, nodularm, fostriecin and tautomycin are able to inhibit PP2A activity at different IC50 values [48]. PubMed:23454242

Potent tumor promoter, Okadaic acid (a microbial toxin), inhibits the enzymatic activity of PP2Ac and thereby has facilitated various studies to understand the functional aspects of PP2A and other phosphatases [12]. Other than Okadaic acid, calyculin A, microcystin, cantharidin, nodularm, fostriecin and tautomycin are able to inhibit PP2A activity at different IC50 values [48]. PubMed:23454242

In addition to microbial toxin, viral protein SV40 (potent oncogene) also inactivates PP2A action by binding to the AC dimer and displacing the PR56 (PP2A-B’ γ ) subunit [35]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A also plays a major role in the Wnt signaling pathway. PubMed:23454242

Methylation [52] and phosphorylation [53] are two major modifications that have been shown to modulate PP2A catalytic efficiency. PubMed:23454242

The addition of a methyl group by LCMT1 at L309 enhances the binding affinity of the core dimer (A&C subunit) toward distinct regulatory subunits and provides specific activity to the holoenzyme [56]. PubMed:23454242

Methylation [52] and phosphorylation [53] are two major modifications that have been shown to modulate PP2A catalytic efficiency. PubMed:23454242

Phosphorylation of Y307 by receptor associated tyrosine kinases effectively decreases the PP2A activity by inhibiting the interaction of PP2Ac with the PP2A-PR55/PR61 subunit [54]. PubMed:23454242

The phosphoprotein SET is a potent inhibitor of PP2A activity [45]. PubMed:23454242

In Alzheimer's disease, inhibition of PP2A activity by SET leads to hyper phosphorylation of the Tau protein [47]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is considered as a tumor suppressor and is thought to be functionally inactivated in cancer. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is mainly pre- sent as a soluble protein in the cytosol but it is also encoun- tered in the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and mem- branes. PubMed:22299660

Similar findings have been observed in metabolically active rat brain slices, where a selective inhibition of PP2A with OA results in an aberrant phosphorylation of tau at the same residues seen in AD brains at serines (Ser) 198, 199, 202, 396, 404, 422 and 262 [11, 47, 48]. PubMed:22299660

Studies in transgenic mice and in cell cultures have shown a connection between PP2A loss of function and tau hyper-phosphorylation and aggregation into PHF. PubMed:22299660

PP2A is mainly pre- sent as a soluble protein in the cytosol but it is also encoun- tered in the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and mem- branes. PubMed:22299660

PP2A is mainly pre- sent as a soluble protein in the cytosol but it is also encoun- tered in the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and mem- branes. PubMed:22299660

PP2A is mainly pre- sent as a soluble protein in the cytosol but it is also encoun- tered in the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and mem- branes. PubMed:22299660

The other important post-translational modi- fication is phosphorylation of PP2A C at Tyr307 which in- hibits PP2A activity [74-76]. PubMed:22299660

Complementing these findings, immu- nohistochemical and western blot studies have shown re- duced expression of PPMT [77], and up-regulation of the PP2A inhibitors I 1 and I 2 in AD cases [79, 80]. PubMed:22299660

Studies in transgenic mice and in cell cultures have shown a connection between PP2A loss of function and tau hyper-phosphorylation and aggregation into PHF. PubMed:22299660

Complementing these findings, immu- nohistochemical and western blot studies have shown re- duced expression of PPMT [77], and up-regulation of the PP2A inhibitors I 1 and I 2 in AD cases [79, 80]. PubMed:22299660

Several observations showing reduced PP2A activity by 30% in the frontal cortex in AD [55], were followed by a number of studies of PP2A mRNA and proteins. PubMed:22299660

To sum up, PP2A activity is decreased in brain of AD, as revealed by using different approaches in different laboratories. PubMed:22299660

Decreased of PP2A, but not of other phosphatases, has also been observed in Down syndrome correlating with increased tau pathology. PubMed:22299660

So far, the most explored pathologies in which PP2A is implicated are cancer, and some viral and parasitic diseases [44]. More recently, PP2A has been investigated in FTLD linked to mutations in the tau gene [45]. PubMed:22299660

So far, the most explored pathologies in which PP2A is implicated are cancer, and some viral and parasitic diseases [44]. More recently, PP2A has been investigated in FTLD linked to mutations in the tau gene [45]. PubMed:22299660

Notably, methylation of PP2A catalytic C subunit on the Leu- 309 residue by leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (LCMT1) promotes the biogenesis and stabilization of PP2A/B
enzymes (20). We have shown that decreased LCMT1 activity and/or expression levels correlate with down-regulation of PP2A methylation and PP2A/B
expression levels and with concomitant accumulation of phospho-Tau in AD-affected brain regions (21), in cultured N2a neuroblastoma cells and in vivo PubMed:23943618

Overexpression of UNC5B induces neuronal death by activating death-associated protein kinase (DAPK1) (19) via protein phosphatase 2A-mediated dephosphorylation of DAPK1 (20). PubMed:27068745

Overexpression of UNC5B induces neuronal death by activating death-associated protein kinase (DAPK1) (19) via protein phosphatase 2A-mediated dephosphorylation of DAPK1 (20). PubMed:27068745

Methylation [52] and phosphorylation [53] are two major modifications that have been shown to modulate PP2A catalytic efficiency. PubMed:23454242

Methylation [52] and phosphorylation [53] are two major modifications that have been shown to modulate PP2A catalytic efficiency. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

In Alzheimer's disease, inhibition of PP2A activity by SET leads to hyper phosphorylation of the Tau protein [47]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

Co-immunoprecipitation and in-vitro pull down assay using pro-lymphoid FL5.12 cells showed a direct association of the PP2A-B55 holoenzyme with Akt, which selectively regulates phosphorylation of Akt at Thr-308 and regulates cell proliferation and survival [58]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

During meiosis I, Shugoshins binds to PP2A and dephosphorylates cohesion, which prevents spindle microtubules disassembly [37]. PP2APR55 also dephosphorylates vimentin (intermediate filament) and protects cytoskeleton disassembly [38]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

Co-immunoprecipitation and in-vitro pull down assay using pro-lymphoid FL5.12 cells showed a direct association of the PP2A-B55 holoenzyme with Akt, which selectively regulates phosphorylation of Akt at Thr-308 and regulates cell proliferation and survival [58]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is an important player in many cellular functions. It controls cell metabolism by regulating the activity of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism and catecholamine synthesis [8]. It also regulates various biological processes such as the cell cycle (by mediating cdc2 kinase activation), DNA replication, transcription and translation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics and cell mobility and apoptosis. It has also been shown to play a role in cell transformation and cancer [9-12]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is considered as a tumor suppressor and is thought to be functionally inactivated in cancer. PubMed:23454242

PP2A is considered as a tumor suppressor and is thought to be functionally inactivated in cancer. PubMed:23454242

During meiosis I, Shugoshins binds to PP2A and dephosphorylates cohesion, which prevents spindle microtubules disassembly [37]. PP2APR55 also dephosphorylates vimentin (intermediate filament) and protects cytoskeleton disassembly [38]. PubMed:23454242

Co-immunoprecipitation and in-vitro pull down assay using pro-lymphoid FL5.12 cells showed a direct association of the PP2A-B55 holoenzyme with Akt, which selectively regulates phosphorylation of Akt at Thr-308 and regulates cell proliferation and survival [58]. PubMed:23454242

PP2A also plays a major role in the Wnt signaling pathway. PubMed:23454242

In Xenopus, PP2A- B56 is involved in β -catenin dephosphorylation and degradation and its phosphorylation directs activation of the Wnt pathway [43]. PubMed:23454242

In Xenopus, PP2A- B56 is involved in β -catenin dephosphorylation and degradation and its phosphorylation directs activation of the Wnt pathway [43]. PubMed:23454242

Phosphorylation of BAD suppresses, and its dephosphorylation by PP2A promotes pro-apoptotic activity [59]. Additionally, phosphorylation of Bcl-2 activates, and its dephosphorylation by PP2A suppresses anti- apoptotic activity. PubMed:23454242

Phosphorylation of BAD suppresses, and its dephosphorylation by PP2A promotes pro-apoptotic activity [59]. Additionally, phosphorylation of Bcl-2 activates, and its dephosphorylation by PP2A suppresses anti- apoptotic activity. PubMed:23454242

So far, the most explored pathologies in which PP2A is implicated are cancer, and some viral and parasitic diseases [44]. More recently, PP2A has been investigated in FTLD linked to mutations in the tau gene [45]. PubMed:22299660

Decreased of PP2A, but not of other phosphatases, has also been observed in Down syndrome correlating with increased tau pathology. PubMed:22299660

Tau protein is rapidly dephosphorylated by endogenous phosphatases such as protein phosphatases 1, 2A, and 2B (cal- cineurin) that are all present in the brain, and effec- tively dephosphorylate tau protein in vitro. PubMed:12428809

PP2A is mainly pre- sent as a soluble protein in the cytosol but it is also encoun- tered in the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and mem- branes. PubMed:22299660

PP2A is mainly pre- sent as a soluble protein in the cytosol but it is also encoun- tered in the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and mem- branes. PubMed:22299660

PP2A is mainly pre- sent as a soluble protein in the cytosol but it is also encoun- tered in the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and mem- branes. PubMed:22299660

PP2A is mainly pre- sent as a soluble protein in the cytosol but it is also encoun- tered in the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and mem- branes. PubMed:22299660

PP2A is mainly pre- sent as a soluble protein in the cytosol but it is also encoun- tered in the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and mem- branes. PubMed:22299660

So far, the most explored pathologies in which PP2A is implicated are cancer, and some viral and parasitic diseases [44]. More recently, PP2A has been investigated in FTLD linked to mutations in the tau gene [45]. PubMed:22299660

Studies in transgenic mice and in cell cultures have shown a connection between PP2A loss of function and tau hyper-phosphorylation and aggregation into PHF. PubMed:22299660

Studies in transgenic mice and in cell cultures have shown a connection between PP2A loss of function and tau hyper-phosphorylation and aggregation into PHF. PubMed:22299660

Trans- genic mice with reduced PP2A activity show increased tau phosphorylation at Ser202/Thr205 and Ser42 [46]. PubMed:22299660

Trans- genic mice with reduced PP2A activity show increased tau phosphorylation at Ser202/Thr205 and Ser42 [46]. PubMed:22299660

Moreover, some tau kinases as cyclin- dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) and TPKI (thiamine pyrophos- phokinase 1)/GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) are acti- vated following PP2A inhibition in starved mice [51]. PubMed:22299660

Moreover, some tau kinases as cyclin- dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) and TPKI (thiamine pyrophos- phokinase 1)/GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) are acti- vated following PP2A inhibition in starved mice [51]. PubMed:22299660

Moreover, some tau kinases as cyclin- dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) and TPKI (thiamine pyrophos- phokinase 1)/GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) are acti- vated following PP2A inhibition in starved mice [51]. PubMed:22299660

Several observations showing reduced PP2A activity by 30% in the frontal cortex in AD [55], were followed by a number of studies of PP2A mRNA and proteins. PubMed:22299660

To sum up, PP2A activity is decreased in brain of AD, as revealed by using different approaches in different laboratories. PubMed:22299660