1. Catalog
  2. Nodes
  3. a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons")

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons")

Equivalencies: 0 | Classes: 0 | Children: 0 | Explore

Entity

Name
Cholinergic Neurons
Namespace
mesh
Namespace Version
20181007
Namespace URL
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pharmacome/terminology/8ccfed235e418e4c8aa576f9a5ef0f838e794c7f/external/mesh-names.belns

Appears in Networks 8

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signalling: roles in Alzheimer's disease and amyloid neuroprotection. v1.0.0

Activation of M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors as potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. v1.0.0

This file encodes the article Activation of M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors as potential treatments for Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia by Choi et al, 2014

Alzheimer's Disease: Targeting the Cholinergic System v1.0.0

M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in Alzheimer’s disease v1.0.0

This file encodes the article M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in Alzheimer’s disease by Jiang et al, 2014

The alpha7 nicotinic receptor agonist 4OH-GTS-21 protects axotomized septohippocampal cholinergic neurons in wild type but not amyloid-overexpressing transgenic mice v1.0.0

Neuronal and Extraneuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. v1.0.0

Caenorhabditis elegans models of tauopathy v1.0.0

Significance of NF-κB as a pivotal therapeutic target in the neurodegenerative pathologies of Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis v1.0.0

In-Edges 20

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") decreases a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

It is clear that AD involves loss of cholinergic neurons in the brain as well as an overall reduction in nAChRs, and it seems that different subunits are differentially up- or down-regulated in AD in different brain regions and different cell types. PubMed:19293145

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Brain

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") decreases a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

Loss of cholinergic neurons has often been demonstrated as lowered ChAT activity in brains of patients with AD. Early post mortem studies indicated a loss of ChAT activity restricted to the neocortex (Slotkin et al., 1990) and this has been confirmed in more recent studies on frontal lobe and temporal cortex (Lai et al., 2006). It is noteworthy that an increase in ChAT activity in the surviving neurons was interpreted as a possible compensatory mechanism (Slotkin et al., 1990). PubMed:19293145

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Frontal Lobe
MeSH
Neocortex
MeSH
Temporal Lobe

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") decreases a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

AD involves loss of cholinergic cells not only in the cortex but also in subcortical nuclei. Up to 50% loss of neurons and of ChAT activity has been reported at autopsy in the locus ceruleus of brains from patients with AD compared with brains from subjects without AD, whereas no change was observed for adrenergic brainstem nuclei (Strong et al., 1991). PubMed:19293145

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Ganglia

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") decreases a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

1 Several lines of evidence suggest that impaired cholinergic signaling plays a key role in mediating both the cognitive and the behavioral impairments observed in AD patients.12 The basal forebrain cholinergic system is disproportionately affected in AD patients, with a robust loss of cholinergic neurons, including those innervating the hippocampus and cortex. PubMed:24511233

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Cerebral Cortex
MeSH
Hippocampus

a(MESH:"Nerve Growth Factor") increases a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

Furthermore, it has also been proposed that the nerve growth factor (NGF) has the potential to preserve cholinergic neurons PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:

a(MESH:"Nerve Growth Factor") increases a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

Moreover, previous studies have shown that treatment with NGF can counteract cholinergic atrophy and memory deficits in aged rats PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:

bp(GO:memory) positiveCorrelation a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

The importance of the cholinergic neurons from the nucleus basalis of Meynert on memory is highlighted by the fact that the specific degeneration of these neurons takes place in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and contributes to the memory loss exhibited by AD patients PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Nucleus of Meynert

act(p(HGNC:CHRM1)) association a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

Interestingly, M1 receptor signaling affects several of AD major hallmarks, including cholinergic deficit, cognitive dysfunction, and tau and Aβ pathologies PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Alzheimer Disease

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") negativeCorrelation a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

Further highlighting the importance of the cholinergic system in the CNS, cholinergic neuronal loss, especially in the basal forebrain, occurs not only in AD, but also in Parkinson’s disease [190, 191], Down syndrome [192], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [193, 194], progressive supranuclear palsy [195, 196], and olivopontocerebellar atrophy [197] PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Forebrain
MeSH
Central Nervous System

path(MESH:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis") negativeCorrelation a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

Further highlighting the importance of the cholinergic system in the CNS, cholinergic neuronal loss, especially in the basal forebrain, occurs not only in AD, but also in Parkinson’s disease [190, 191], Down syndrome [192], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [193, 194], progressive supranuclear palsy [195, 196], and olivopontocerebellar atrophy [197] PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Forebrain
MeSH
Central Nervous System

path(MESH:"Down Syndrome") negativeCorrelation a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

Further highlighting the importance of the cholinergic system in the CNS, cholinergic neuronal loss, especially in the basal forebrain, occurs not only in AD, but also in Parkinson’s disease [190, 191], Down syndrome [192], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [193, 194], progressive supranuclear palsy [195, 196], and olivopontocerebellar atrophy [197] PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Forebrain
MeSH
Central Nervous System

path(MESH:"Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies") negativeCorrelation a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

Further highlighting the importance of the cholinergic system in the CNS, cholinergic neuronal loss, especially in the basal forebrain, occurs not only in AD, but also in Parkinson’s disease [190, 191], Down syndrome [192], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [193, 194], progressive supranuclear palsy [195, 196], and olivopontocerebellar atrophy [197] PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Forebrain
MeSH
Central Nervous System

path(MESH:"Parkinson Disease") negativeCorrelation a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

Further highlighting the importance of the cholinergic system in the CNS, cholinergic neuronal loss, especially in the basal forebrain, occurs not only in AD, but also in Parkinson’s disease [190, 191], Down syndrome [192], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [193, 194], progressive supranuclear palsy [195, 196], and olivopontocerebellar atrophy [197] PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Forebrain
MeSH
Central Nervous System

path(MESH:"Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive") negativeCorrelation a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

Further highlighting the importance of the cholinergic system in the CNS, cholinergic neuronal loss, especially in the basal forebrain, occurs not only in AD, but also in Parkinson’s disease [190, 191], Down syndrome [192], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [193, 194], progressive supranuclear palsy [195, 196], and olivopontocerebellar atrophy [197] PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Forebrain
MeSH
Central Nervous System

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") decreases a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder afflicting millions of people. It is diagnosed by the progressive loss of cognitive function and behavioral defi cits and is characterized by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), senile plaques, cholinergic neuron loss, and neuronal atrophy at autopsy PubMed:24590577

Appears in Networks:

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") decreases a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

The third important hallmark of AD is cholinergic hypofunction. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) exerts its physiological functions by activating either ionotropic nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) or metabotropic muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs). It has been reported that in AD brains there are (1) reduced choline acetyltransferase levels accompanied by decreased ACh synthesis; (2) significant loss of cholinergic neurons; (3) reduction in the numbers of postsynaptic neurons accessible to ACh; (4) cholinergic neuronal and axonal abnormalities; and (5) reduction in nAChR levels PubMed:24590577

Appears in Networks:

a(HBP:"4-OH-GTS-21") causesNoChange a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

4OH-GTS-21 had no effect on cholinergic cell size in the unlesioned sides of the septa of the wild type or PS1 mice, but did cause atrophy of these neurons in the APP/PS1 mice PubMed:17640819

Appears in Networks:

a(HBP:"4-OH-GTS-21") decreases a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

4OH-GTS-21 had no effect on cholinergic cell size in the unlesioned sides of the septa of the wild type or PS1 mice, but did cause atrophy of these neurons in the APP/PS1 mice PubMed:17640819

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Alzheimer Disease

composite(p(HBP:"4R tau", var("p.Lys280del")), p(HBP:"Tau isoform E (412 aa)", var("p.Val337Met"))) decreases a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

As a result, the proaggregant lines showed a range of defects including paralysis, axonal degeneration of GABAergic and cholinergic motor neurons, presynaptic defects, synapse loss, and mitochondrial transport defects early in adulthood PubMed:29191965

Appears in Networks:

act(complex(GO:"NF-kappaB complex")) decreases a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") View Subject | View Object

Comparison of the cellular distribution of NF-κB in the nucleus basalis of Meynert of AD and control patients showed that the proportion of large cholinergic neurons with elevated nuclear p65 was significantly increased in AD, suggesting an association between NF–κB functions and the process of cholinergic degeneration PubMed:25652642

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Alzheimer Disease

Out-Edges 20

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") increases act(p(HGNC:CHAT)) View Subject | View Object

Loss of cholinergic neurons has often been demonstrated as lowered ChAT activity in brains of patients with AD. Early post mortem studies indicated a loss of ChAT activity restricted to the neocortex (Slotkin et al., 1990) and this has been confirmed in more recent studies on frontal lobe and temporal cortex (Lai et al., 2006). It is noteworthy that an increase in ChAT activity in the surviving neurons was interpreted as a possible compensatory mechanism (Slotkin et al., 1990). PubMed:19293145

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Frontal Lobe
MeSH
Neocortex
MeSH
Temporal Lobe

act(a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons")) increases path(MESH:Attention) View Subject | View Object

Experimental data using non-human primates and rodents have demonstrated that injuries introduced to basal forebrain cholinergic neurons that innervate the cortex lead to attention deficit PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Forebrain

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") increases path(MESH:Attention) View Subject | View Object

All these cholinergic alterations that take place in AD closely correlates with impaired attention and memory observed in patients PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Alzheimer Disease

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") positiveCorrelation bp(GO:memory) View Subject | View Object

The importance of the cholinergic neurons from the nucleus basalis of Meynert on memory is highlighted by the fact that the specific degeneration of these neurons takes place in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and contributes to the memory loss exhibited by AD patients PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Nucleus of Meynert

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") increases bp(GO:memory) View Subject | View Object

All these cholinergic alterations that take place in AD closely correlates with impaired attention and memory observed in patients PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Alzheimer Disease

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") increases bp(GO:"circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep") View Subject | View Object

It has been demonstrated that stimulation of cholinergic neurons in precise regions of the brainstem can promote REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, dose-dependently PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Brain Stem

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") increases a(CHEBI:acetylcholine) View Subject | View Object

ACh synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm of cholinergic neurons PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Cytoplasm

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") increases a(CHEBI:choline) View Subject | View Object

Although cholinergic neurons can synthesize choline, the de novo synthesis contributes only with a very small fraction of the total choline that is needed for ACh synthesis (see Fig. 1) PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") increases tloc(p(HGNC:ACHE), fromLoc(MESH:"Synaptic Vesicles"), toLoc(GO:"synaptic cleft")) View Subject | View Object

Cholinergic neurons secrete AChE into the synaptic cleft, where the enzyme is normally associated with the plasma membrane (see Fig. 1) PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") increases bp(GO:"synaptic transmission, dopaminergic") View Subject | View Object

It has been postulated that the loss of cholinergic neurons and the consequent impairment in dopaminergic transmission could be the main factors underling AD-related psychiatric symptoms PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
CA3 Region, Hippocampal

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") decreases path(MESH:Apathy) View Subject | View Object

It has been postulated that the loss of cholinergic neurons and the consequent impairment in dopaminergic transmission could be the main factors underling AD-related psychiatric symptoms PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
CA3 Region, Hippocampal
MeSH
Alzheimer Disease

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") decreases path(MESH:Depression) View Subject | View Object

It has been postulated that the loss of cholinergic neurons and the consequent impairment in dopaminergic transmission could be the main factors underling AD-related psychiatric symptoms PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
CA3 Region, Hippocampal
MeSH
Alzheimer Disease

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") negativeCorrelation path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Further highlighting the importance of the cholinergic system in the CNS, cholinergic neuronal loss, especially in the basal forebrain, occurs not only in AD, but also in Parkinson’s disease [190, 191], Down syndrome [192], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [193, 194], progressive supranuclear palsy [195, 196], and olivopontocerebellar atrophy [197] PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Forebrain
MeSH
Central Nervous System

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") negativeCorrelation path(MESH:"Parkinson Disease") View Subject | View Object

Further highlighting the importance of the cholinergic system in the CNS, cholinergic neuronal loss, especially in the basal forebrain, occurs not only in AD, but also in Parkinson’s disease [190, 191], Down syndrome [192], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [193, 194], progressive supranuclear palsy [195, 196], and olivopontocerebellar atrophy [197] PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Forebrain
MeSH
Central Nervous System

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") negativeCorrelation path(MESH:"Down Syndrome") View Subject | View Object

Further highlighting the importance of the cholinergic system in the CNS, cholinergic neuronal loss, especially in the basal forebrain, occurs not only in AD, but also in Parkinson’s disease [190, 191], Down syndrome [192], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [193, 194], progressive supranuclear palsy [195, 196], and olivopontocerebellar atrophy [197] PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Forebrain
MeSH
Central Nervous System

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") negativeCorrelation path(MESH:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis") View Subject | View Object

Further highlighting the importance of the cholinergic system in the CNS, cholinergic neuronal loss, especially in the basal forebrain, occurs not only in AD, but also in Parkinson’s disease [190, 191], Down syndrome [192], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [193, 194], progressive supranuclear palsy [195, 196], and olivopontocerebellar atrophy [197] PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Forebrain
MeSH
Central Nervous System

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") negativeCorrelation path(MESH:"Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive") View Subject | View Object

Further highlighting the importance of the cholinergic system in the CNS, cholinergic neuronal loss, especially in the basal forebrain, occurs not only in AD, but also in Parkinson’s disease [190, 191], Down syndrome [192], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [193, 194], progressive supranuclear palsy [195, 196], and olivopontocerebellar atrophy [197] PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Forebrain
MeSH
Central Nervous System

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") negativeCorrelation path(MESH:"Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies") View Subject | View Object

Further highlighting the importance of the cholinergic system in the CNS, cholinergic neuronal loss, especially in the basal forebrain, occurs not only in AD, but also in Parkinson’s disease [190, 191], Down syndrome [192], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [193, 194], progressive supranuclear palsy [195, 196], and olivopontocerebellar atrophy [197] PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Basal Forebrain
MeSH
Central Nervous System

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") association act(p(HGNC:CHRM1)) View Subject | View Object

Interestingly, M1 receptor signaling affects several of AD major hallmarks, including cholinergic deficit, cognitive dysfunction, and tau and Aβ pathologies PubMed:26813123

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Alzheimer Disease

a(MESH:"Cholinergic Neurons") increases a(MESH:Acetylcholine) View Subject | View Object

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesised, stored and released by cholinergic neurons, and exerts its effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) through two distinct types of receptor: the muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs). PubMed:28901280

Appears in Networks:

About

BEL Commons is developed and maintained in an academic capacity by Charles Tapley Hoyt and Daniel Domingo-Fernández at the Fraunhofer SCAI Department of Bioinformatics with support from the IMI project, AETIONOMY. It is built on top of PyBEL, an open source project. Please feel free to contact us here to give us feedback or report any issues. Also, see our Publishing Notes and Data Protection information.

If you find BEL Commons useful in your work, please consider citing: Hoyt, C. T., Domingo-Fernández, D., & Hofmann-Apitius, M. (2018). BEL Commons: an environment for exploration and analysis of networks encoded in Biological Expression Language. Database, 2018(3), 1–11.