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PubMed: 29196815

Title
Amyloid β oligomers (AβOs) in Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)
Volume
125
Issue
None
Pages
177-191
Date
2018-02-01
Authors
Groblewska M | Kornhuber J | Lewczuk P | Litman-Zawadzka A | Mroczko B

Evidence 8faad931e7
JSON

It was also demonstrated that fibril-free AβO solutions are essential for memory loss (Brito-Moreira et al. 2017), while the fibrillar Aβ in amyloid deposits is not the active factor affecting the cognition (Martins et al. 2008).

a(CHEBI:"amyloid fibril") causesNoChange bp(GO:memory) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

a(HBP:HBP00074) decreases bp(GO:memory) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

Evidence 2306b63d53
JSON

In cultures of mature hippocampal neurons, soluble AβOs caused a rapid, substantial loss of surface IRs, especially on dendrites (Zhao et al. 2010).

a(HBP:HBP00074) decreases p(HGNC:INSR) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

Evidence aeb57f4488
JSON

In addition, the load of AβO deposits significantly correlated with fibrillar Aβ plaque deposition as well as with neuronal loss and numbers of astrocytes, although not with memory deficits.

a(CHEBI:"amyloid fibril") positiveCorrelation a(HBP:HBP00074) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

a(HBP:HBP00074) positiveCorrelation bp(GO:"neuron death") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

a(HBP:HBP00074) positiveCorrelation bp(GO:"astrocyte activation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

a(HBP:HBP00074) positiveCorrelation a(CHEBI:"amyloid fibril") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

bp(GO:"astrocyte activation") positiveCorrelation a(HBP:HBP00074) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

bp(GO:"neuron death") positiveCorrelation a(HBP:HBP00074) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

Evidence af029cc910
JSON

Despite enhanced Aβ42 accumulation in AD brain (Lewczuk et al. 2003), concentrations of monomeric Aβ42 in the CSF of AD patients are decreased

a(CHEBI:"amyloid-beta polypeptide 42") negativeCorrelation path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") negativeCorrelation a(CHEBI:"amyloid-beta polypeptide 42") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

Evidence b6390b3c9f
JSON

The histopathological changes in the brain include the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques consisted of various peptide variants of amyloid β (Aβ) and accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed mainly of phosphorylated Tau proteins (pTau), localized predominantly in neurons (reviewed by Serrano-Pozo et al. 2011).

a(CHEBI:"amyloid-beta") positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
Medium

a(GO:"neurofibrillary tangle") positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
Medium

a(MESH:"Amyloid beta-Peptides") positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
Medium

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") positiveCorrelation a(CHEBI:"amyloid-beta") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
Medium

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Plaque, Amyloid") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
Medium

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") positiveCorrelation a(MESH:"Amyloid beta-Peptides") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
Medium

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") positiveCorrelation a(GO:"neurofibrillary tangle") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
Medium

path(MESH:"Plaque, Amyloid") positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
Medium

Evidence e4ff7abd25
JSON

Amyloid hypothesis is supported by the fact that progressive Aβ deposition is observed in early, preclinical stages of AD and, finally, in all AD patients.

a(CHEBI:"amyloid-beta") positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") positiveCorrelation a(CHEBI:"amyloid-beta") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

Evidence 11a4e6f2d3
JSON

The presence of amyloid deposits, as the main factor leading to damage of the nerve tissue (amyloid hypothesis) has been postulated for over 25 years (recently reviewed in Selkoe and Hardy 2016).

a(CHEBI:"amyloid-beta") increases bp(GO:"positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

Evidence 749dfbb519
JSON

These Aβ deposits lead to subsequent molecular and cellular alterations, such as NTFs, neuronal dystrophy, or microgliosis, i.e., pathological events that are closer to dementia and more relevant to neuronal dysfunction.

a(CHEBI:"amyloid-beta") increases complex(GO:"neurofibrillary tangle") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
Medium

a(CHEBI:"amyloid-beta") increases path(MESH:Gliosis) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
Medium

a(CHEBI:"amyloid-beta") increases path(MESH:"Neuroaxonal Dystrophies") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
Medium

Evidence acb08c2730
JSON

Furthermore, the authors demonstrated significant, negative correlation of AβO number with the MMSE scores, what indicates that sFIDA readout seems to reflect the severity of AD, similar to the results described above.

a(CTO:"Mini_Mental_State_Examination") negativeCorrelation a(HBP:HBP00074) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

a(HBP:HBP00074) negativeCorrelation a(CTO:"Mini_Mental_State_Examination") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

Evidence cadd4da4b3
JSON

On the contrary, no relationship between total Aβ plaque burden and number of astrocytes or neurons was found (da Rocha-Souto et al. 2011).

a(HBP:HBP00018) causesNoChange bp(GO:"neuron death") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

a(HBP:HBP00018) causesNoChange bp(GO:"astrocyte activation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

Evidence 08f63fc0f5
JSON

It was demonstrated that Aβ42 oligomers, but not monomers, significantly altered Ca2+ release from intracellular stores (Lazzari et al. 2015), what induced intracellular Ca2+ increase in neurons via the complex PrPC–mGluR5, with harmful effects on synaptic transmission (Beraldo et al. 2016).

a(HBP:HBP00023) increases a(CHEBI:"calcium(2+)") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

a(HBP:HBP00023) increases complex(p(HGNC:GRIK1), p(HGNC:PRNP)) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

a(HBP:HBP00023) decreases bp(GO:"signal release from synapse") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

Evidence 6f0e8eddc7
JSON

Moreover, it was postulated that AβOs may trigger a harmful cascade damaging neurons and synapses (Morris et al. 2014).

a(HBP:HBP00074) increases bp(GO:"neuron death") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

a(HBP:HBP00074) decreases a(MESH:Synapses) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

Evidence a4d36f27f8
JSON

Soluble Aβ oligomers may cause a highly selective neuronal death accelerated by increasing exposure to AβOs (Lambert et al. 1998).

a(HBP:HBP00074) increases bp(GO:"neuron death") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

Evidence 8d4e070cb2
JSON

In normal rats, impaired memory of a learned behavior was observed after intraventricular application of soluble oligomers of Aβ42 isolated directly from human AD brains (Shankar et al. 2008). Furthermore, AβO injections resulted in reduction of a synapse number and their function in dose-dependent manner. It also led to the inhibition of LTP and enhancement of long-term synaptic depression (LTD) in rodent hippocampus (Shankar et al. 2008).

a(HBP:HBP00074) decreases a(MESH:Synapses) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

a(HBP:HBP00074) decreases bp(GO:memory) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

a(HBP:HBP00074) decreases bp(GO:"long-term synaptic potentiation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

a(HBP:HBP00074) decreases bp(GO:"signal release from synapse") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

a(HBP:HBP00074) increases bp(GO:"long term synaptic depression") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

Evidence ac78d8fcf2
JSON

These results are in line with findings of Koffie et al. (2009), who revealed that AβOs surrounding plaques contribute to synapse loss in a mouse model of AD.

a(HBP:HBP00074) decreases a(MESH:Synapses) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

Evidence 725e0d2337
JSON

It was also shown that soluble AβOs may directly trigger dysfunction of neural signaling, which leads to early memory loss and the progression of dementia in AD.

a(HBP:HBP00074) decreases bp(GO:memory) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

a(HBP:HBP00074) decreases bp(GO:"neuronal signal transduction") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

a(HBP:HBP00074) increases path(MESH:Dementia) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Alzheimer Disease

Evidence c0412254ed
JSON

In very early stages of AD pathology, before the appearance of amyloid plaques, oligomers assemble perisomatically, rather than intracellularly, surrounding individual diffuse neurons.

a(HBP:HBP00074) positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") positiveCorrelation a(HBP:HBP00074) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

Evidence 5b5e24be1d
JSON

They revealed increases in AβOs and soluble TNF-R plasma levels that accurately differentiated mild AD patients from control subjects and to some extent from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients.

a(HBP:HBP00074) positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Plasma

a(HBP:HBP00074) positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Cognitive Dysfunction") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Plasma

p(HGNC:NGFR) positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Cognitive Dysfunction") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Plasma

p(HGNC:NGFR) positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Plasma

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") positiveCorrelation a(HBP:HBP00074) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Plasma

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") positiveCorrelation p(HGNC:NGFR) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Plasma

path(MESH:"Cognitive Dysfunction") positiveCorrelation a(HBP:HBP00074) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Plasma

path(MESH:"Cognitive Dysfunction") positiveCorrelation p(HGNC:NGFR) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Plasma

Evidence 97348dca0b
JSON

Moreover, in brain slices, AβOs rapidly inhibited long-term potentiation (LTP) of synapses (Klein et al. 2001).

a(HBP:HBP00074) decreases bp(GO:"long-term synaptic potentiation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

Evidence c5259169b8
JSON

AβOs can trigger changes in Tau protein characteristic for AD (Shankar et al. 2008). They induce hyperphosphorylation of Tau at AD-specific epitopes and cause neuritic dystrophy in cultured neurons.

a(HBP:HBP00074) increases p(HGNC:APP, pmod(Ph)) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
Medium

a(HBP:HBP00074) increases path(MESH:"Neuroaxonal Dystrophies") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
Medium

Evidence dbe33fe0ba
JSON

Furthermore, it was demonstrated that AβO may not only injure the neurites of brain neurons, but also activate microglia and astrocyte response (Sondag et al. 2009).

a(HBP:HBP00074) increases bp(GO:"microglial cell activation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

a(HBP:HBP00074) increases bp(GO:"astrocyte activation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

Evidence 6fc70588e4
JSON

Excessive activation of NMDAR by soluble AβOs triggers disproportionate influx of Ca2+ into neurons, which leads to excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and loss of synapses (Zhao et al. 2004).

a(HBP:HBP00074) increases act(p(HGNC:GRIN1)) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
Medium

act(p(HGNC:GRIN1)) increases tloc(a(CHEBI:"calcium(2+)"), fromLoc(GO:"extracellular region"), toLoc(GO:"intracellular part")) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
Medium

act(p(HGNC:GRIN1)) increases bp(HBP:HBP00068) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
Medium

act(p(HGNC:GRIN1)) increases bp(HBP:HBP00037) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
Medium

act(p(HGNC:GRIN1)) decreases a(MESH:Synapses) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
Medium

Evidence 72f4b16a4d
JSON

Soluble AβOs, but not monomers, mediate the internalization of the GluA1/GluA2 subunits by endocytosis (Zhang et al. 2011), leading to synaptic dysfunction (Hsieh et al. 2006).

a(HBP:HBP00074) regulates tloc(p(HGNC:GRIA1), fromLoc(GO:"extracellular region"), toLoc(GO:intracellular)) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
Medium

a(HBP:HBP00074) regulates tloc(p(HGNC:GRIA2), fromLoc(GO:"extracellular region"), toLoc(GO:intracellular)) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
Medium

Evidence 54e7a04dec
JSON

Synapse targeting of AβOs involves activation of p75NTR.

a(HBP:HBP00074) increases act(p(HGNC:NGFR)) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

Evidence be112ff35e
JSON

The levels of HMW AβOs in AD or MCI patients were significantly higher than in normal controls and correlated inversely with MMSE score.

a(HBP:HBP00074) positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Cognitive Dysfunction") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

path(MESH:"Cognitive Dysfunction") positiveCorrelation a(HBP:HBP00074) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

Evidence 6d265ef69b
JSON

LMW oligomers led to a decrease in the neuronal levels of β2ARs, activated brain microglia, and induced impaired hippocampal LTP in mice in vivo (Yang et al. 2017).

a(HBP:HBP00075) decreases p(MGI:Adrb2) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
Medium

a(HBP:HBP00075) increases bp(GO:"microglial cell activation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Confidence
Medium
MeSH
Brain

a(HBP:HBP00075) decreases bp(GO:"long-term synaptic potentiation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Confidence
Medium
MeSH
Hippocampus

Evidence 4f0a95a200
JSON

Using a novel misfolded protein assay for the detection of soluble oligomers composed of Aβx-40 and Aβx-42 peptides, Gao and co-workers demonstrated also increased levels of oligomeric Aβ40 in CSF, which may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of AD (Gao et al. 2010).

a(HBP:HBP00076) positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Cerebrospinal Fluid

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") positiveCorrelation a(HBP:HBP00076) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Cerebrospinal Fluid

Evidence b206861cfc
JSON

These results suggest that circulating Aβ40 oligomers, and not only Aβ42 oligomers, could be a potential new biomarker in early AD.

a(HBP:HBP00076) biomarkerFor path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Cerebrospinal Fluid

Evidence e28cb197e2
JSON

The risk factors of AD include: increasing age, vascular factors such as smoking, obesity, and diabetes (Reitz and Mayeux 2014) as well as genetic mutations.

bp(GO:aging) increases path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

path(MESH:"Diabetes Mellitus") increases path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

path(MESH:Obesity) increases path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

path(MESH:Smoking) increases path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

Evidence 22b66901c3
JSON

An exponential increase of brain levels of AβOs in aging mice was observed.

bp(GO:aging) increases a(HBP:HBP00074) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High

Evidence 9c36c8f107
JSON

PrPC was identified as AβO co-receptor, which mediates an impairment of synaptic plasticity by AβOs, although the infectious form PrPSc conformation is not necessary (Lauren et al. 2009).

complex(a(HBP:HBP00074), p(HGNC:PRNP)) decreases bp(GO:"regulation of synaptic plasticity") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

Evidence c78f719037
JSON

Moreover, PrPC inhibits formation fibrillary form of Aβ, trapping Aβ in an oligomeric state (Younan et al. 2013).

p(HGNC:PRNP) decreases a(CHEBI:"amyloid fibril") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Extracellular Space
Cell Ontology (CL)
neuron
Confidence
High
MeSH
Hippocampus

Evidence fb9e7db12e
JSON

However, a significant risk of AD development is related to certain genetic changes: the sporadic form of AD can be associated with the presence of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype (Holtzman et al. 2012; Spinney 2014), whereas the familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) can be linked to mutations in presenilin1 (PS1), presenilin2 (PS2), and amyloid precursor protein (APP) genes (reviewed by Hardy and Gwinn-Hardy 1998).

g(HBP:HBP00030) increases path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

g(HGNC:APP, var("?")) increases path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

g(HGNC:PSEN1, var("?")) increases path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

g(HGNC:PSEN2, var("?")) increases path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

Evidence d41b3a7c1d
JSON

AD belongs to a large group of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) characterized by cognitive impairment and progressive synaptic damage accompanied by neuronal loss.

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") decreases bp(GO:cognition) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

path(MESH:"Alzheimer Disease") increases bp(GO:"positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Confidence
High

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