bp(GO:"synaptic transmission, cholinergic")

Entity

Name

synaptic transmission, cholinergic

Namespace

go

Namespace Version

20181221

Namespace URL

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pharmacome/terminology/73688d6dc24e309fca59a1340dc9ee971e9f3baa/external/go-names.belns

BACE1 deficiency in AD model mice have been shown to rescue cholinergic dysfunction, neuronal loss and memory deficits, correlating with a dramatic reduction in Abeta40/42 levels [79-81] PubMed:21214928

Acting as an endogenous regulator of the alpha7 nAChR activity, astrocyte-derived KYNA can modulate synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, neuronal viability, and neuronal connectivity in different areas of the brain (Fig. 8). PubMed:19126755

The nicotinic APL action of galantamine appears to be an important determinant of its clinical effectiveness (reviewed in Refs. 98, 291, 371). Acting primarily as a nicotinic APL, galantamine improves synaptic transmission and decreases neurodegeneration, two effects essential for its cognitive-enhancing properties (40, 108, 241, 409, 521). PubMed:19126755

AD is the most common form of dementia in the elderly population. The histopathology of this disease is well known to have at least four components: 1) loss of cholinergic neurotransmission, 2) deposition of extracellular Abeta peptides into plaques, 3) hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein that leads to excessive formation of neurofibrillar tangles, and 4) increased local inflammation. PubMed:19126755

There is abundant evidence that Abeta also affects cholinergic signaling in the brain. Recent studies indicate that brain nAChRs are not only affected by Abeta but can also initiate signaling pathways that protect against Abeta toxicity (Kihara et al., 1997b; Takada et al., 2003; Arias et al., 2005; Akaike, 2006; Meunier et al., 2006; Dineley, 2007; Liu et al., 2007). PubMed:19293145

Consequently, there is mounting evidence that Abeta affects cholinergic signaling independent of its cytotoxic action. For example, Abeta blocks long-term potentiation, a cellular correlate of learning, through activation of JNK and p38MAPK (Wang et al., 2004). PubMed:19293145

The current primary treatments for AD symptoms are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) such as donepezil, tacrine, galantamine, and rivastigmine, which potentiate cholinergic signaling.18,19 These treatments not only provide improvements in cognitive symptoms associated with AD,20,21 but also show efficacy in treating the psychiatric symptoms. PubMed:24511233

1 Several lines of evidence suggest that impaired cholinergic signaling plays a key role in mediating both the cognitive and the behavioral impairments observed in AD patients.12 The basal forebrain cholinergic system is disproportionately affected in AD patients, with a robust loss of cholinergic neurons, including those innervating the hippocampus and cortex. PubMed:24511233

1 Several lines of evidence suggest that impaired cholinergic signaling plays a key role in mediating both the cognitive and the behavioral impairments observed in AD patients.12 The basal forebrain cholinergic system is disproportionately affected in AD patients, with a robust loss of cholinergic neurons, including those innervating the hippocampus and cortex. PubMed:24511233

Another commonality between AD and SZ is the apparent involvement of dysregulated cholinergic signaling in the brain. PubMed:24511233

1 Several lines of evidence suggest that impaired cholinergic signaling plays a key role in mediating both the cognitive and the behavioral impairments observed in AD patients.12 The basal forebrain cholinergic system is disproportionately affected in AD patients, with a robust loss of cholinergic neurons, including those innervating the hippocampus and cortex. PubMed:24511233

Another commonality between AD and SZ is the apparent involvement of dysregulated cholinergic signaling in the brain. PubMed:24511233

Accumulating evidence suggests that the three clusters of SZ symptoms cannot be ascribed solely to alterations in monoaminergic signaling as dysregulation of glutamatergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic, and cholinergic systems have also been reported PubMed:24511233

ACh contributes to auditory synaptic transmission by facilitating thalamocortical communication PubMed:26813123

The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information PubMed:26813123

The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information PubMed:26813123

The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information PubMed:26813123

The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information PubMed:26813123

Moreover, the interaction of the cholinergic and glutamatergic systems seems to be important not only for cognitive processes but also for neuroprotection, as it has been shown that nicotinic receptors agonists are neuroprotective in a mechanism that is Ca2+-dependent and that involves the glutamatergic system PubMed:26813123

The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information PubMed:26813123

It has been demonstrated that the cholinergic system plays a role in the learning process PubMed:26813123

The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information PubMed:26813123

Moreover, the interaction of the cholinergic and glutamatergic systems seems to be important not only for cognitive processes but also for neuroprotection, as it has been shown that nicotinic receptors agonists are neuroprotective in a mechanism that is Ca2+-dependent and that involves the glutamatergic system PubMed:26813123

Because ACh has an important role in cognitive processes, the cholinergic system is pointed as an important factor in many forms of dementia, including AD PubMed:26813123

The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information PubMed:26813123

Because ACh has an important role in cognitive processes, the cholinergic system is pointed as an important factor in many forms of dementia, including AD PubMed:26813123

mAChRs are seven-transmembrane G-proteincoupled receptors. Upon binding to the endogenous neurotransmitter ACh, mAChRs couple to G proteins to transduct signals PubMed:24590577

The third important hallmark of AD is cholinergic hypofunction. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) exerts its physiological functions by activating either ionotropic nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) or metabotropic muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs). It has been reported that in AD brains there are (1) reduced choline acetyltransferase levels accompanied by decreased ACh synthesis; (2) significant loss of cholinergic neurons; (3) reduction in the numbers of postsynaptic neurons accessible to ACh; (4) cholinergic neuronal and axonal abnormalities; and (5) reduction in nAChR levels PubMed:24590577

Recent evidence indicates that cholinergic hypofunction is closely linked to Abeta and tau pathologies[20]. As a major receptor group for ACh, mAChRs have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of AD. PubMed:24590577

Recent evidence indicates that cholinergic hypofunction is closely linked to Abeta and tau pathologies[20]. As a major receptor group for ACh, mAChRs have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of AD. PubMed:24590577

In 2011, we know that cholinergic actions in the brain govern various processes: cognition (attention and executive function) (Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007; Heath and Picciotto, 2009; Howe et al., 2010), learning and memory (Gould, 2006; Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007), mood (anxiety, depression) (Picciotto et al., 2008), reward (addiction, craving) (Tang and Dani, 2009), and sensory processing (Heath and Picciotto, 2009) PubMed:21482353

In 2011, we know that cholinergic actions in the brain govern various processes: cognition (attention and executive function) (Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007; Heath and Picciotto, 2009; Howe et al., 2010), learning and memory (Gould, 2006; Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007), mood (anxiety, depression) (Picciotto et al., 2008), reward (addiction, craving) (Tang and Dani, 2009), and sensory processing (Heath and Picciotto, 2009) PubMed:21482353

In 2011, we know that cholinergic actions in the brain govern various processes: cognition (attention and executive function) (Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007; Heath and Picciotto, 2009; Howe et al., 2010), learning and memory (Gould, 2006; Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007), mood (anxiety, depression) (Picciotto et al., 2008), reward (addiction, craving) (Tang and Dani, 2009), and sensory processing (Heath and Picciotto, 2009) PubMed:21482353

In 2011, we know that cholinergic actions in the brain govern various processes: cognition (attention and executive function) (Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007; Heath and Picciotto, 2009; Howe et al., 2010), learning and memory (Gould, 2006; Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007), mood (anxiety, depression) (Picciotto et al., 2008), reward (addiction, craving) (Tang and Dani, 2009), and sensory processing (Heath and Picciotto, 2009) PubMed:21482353

Indeed, cholinergic enhancement (via cholinesterase inhibition) reopens the critical period for visual acuity in adult wild-type mice (Morishita et al., 2010), indicating that cellular mechanisms for robust plasticity are maintained in adulthood through the cholinergic system but are suppressed by the action of lynx. PubMed:21482353

While genetic linkages of lynx family members to neurological disorders have not been found, evidence for cholinergic dysregulation has been linked to a lynx family member expressed in nonneuronal tissues and involved in human disease (Chimienti et al., 2003), and as such, alterations in lynx dosage may be useful in ameliorating cognitive decline associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. PubMed:21482353

Indeed, cholinergic enhancement (via cholinesterase inhibition) reopens the critical period for visual acuity in adult wild-type mice (Morishita et al., 2010), indicating that cellular mechanisms for robust plasticity are maintained in adulthood through the cholinergic system but are suppressed by the action of lynx. PubMed:21482353

These findings indicate that suppression of the cholinergic system by lynx proteins stabilizes neural circuitry PubMed:21482353

In 2011, we know that cholinergic actions in the brain govern various processes: cognition (attention and executive function) (Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007; Heath and Picciotto, 2009; Howe et al., 2010), learning and memory (Gould, 2006; Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007), mood (anxiety, depression) (Picciotto et al., 2008), reward (addiction, craving) (Tang and Dani, 2009), and sensory processing (Heath and Picciotto, 2009) PubMed:21482353

In 2011, we know that cholinergic actions in the brain govern various processes: cognition (attention and executive function) (Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007; Heath and Picciotto, 2009; Howe et al., 2010), learning and memory (Gould, 2006; Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007), mood (anxiety, depression) (Picciotto et al., 2008), reward (addiction, craving) (Tang and Dani, 2009), and sensory processing (Heath and Picciotto, 2009) PubMed:21482353

The presynaptic vesicular acetylcholine transporter vesamicol ([123I]iodobenzovesamicol) has been used in vivo as a marker of presynaptic cholinergic activity in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies (Kuhl et al 1996) PubMed:11230871

In C. elegans, RIC-3 is necessary for synaptic transmission mediated by neuronal AChRs but not by other LGICs [71,77,109]. PubMed:22040696

AD is the most common form of dementia in the elderly population. The histopathology of this disease is well known to have at least four components: 1) loss of cholinergic neurotransmission, 2) deposition of extracellular Abeta peptides into plaques, 3) hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein that leads to excessive formation of neurofibrillar tangles, and 4) increased local inflammation. PubMed:19126755

There is abundant evidence that Abeta also affects cholinergic signaling in the brain. Recent studies indicate that brain nAChRs are not only affected by Abeta but can also initiate signaling pathways that protect against Abeta toxicity (Kihara et al., 1997b; Takada et al., 2003; Arias et al., 2005; Akaike, 2006; Meunier et al., 2006; Dineley, 2007; Liu et al., 2007). PubMed:19293145

Consequently, there is mounting evidence that Abeta affects cholinergic signaling independent of its cytotoxic action. For example, Abeta blocks long-term potentiation, a cellular correlate of learning, through activation of JNK and p38MAPK (Wang et al., 2004). PubMed:19293145

1 Several lines of evidence suggest that impaired cholinergic signaling plays a key role in mediating both the cognitive and the behavioral impairments observed in AD patients.12 The basal forebrain cholinergic system is disproportionately affected in AD patients, with a robust loss of cholinergic neurons, including those innervating the hippocampus and cortex. PubMed:24511233

1 Several lines of evidence suggest that impaired cholinergic signaling plays a key role in mediating both the cognitive and the behavioral impairments observed in AD patients.12 The basal forebrain cholinergic system is disproportionately affected in AD patients, with a robust loss of cholinergic neurons, including those innervating the hippocampus and cortex. PubMed:24511233

Accumulating evidence suggests that the three clusters of SZ symptoms cannot be ascribed solely to alterations in monoaminergic signaling as dysregulation of glutamatergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic, and cholinergic systems have also been reported PubMed:24511233

Cholinergic volume transmission enables ACh to diffuse and to act at lower concentrations some distance away from the release site. PubMed:17009926

Given its widespread distribution in the brain, it is not surprising that cholinergic neurotransmission is responsible for modulating important neural functions PubMed:26813123

The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information PubMed:26813123

On the other hand, the facilitation of the cholinergic transmission by using the cholinesterase inhibitors can improve attention in humans PubMed:26813123

Disruption of cholinergic inputs to the cortex can impair attention and the use of instructive cues needed for decision-making related to ongoing behavior PubMed:26813123

The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information PubMed:26813123

It has been demonstrated that the cholinergic system plays a role in the learning process PubMed:26813123

The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information PubMed:26813123

The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information PubMed:26813123

The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information PubMed:26813123

The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information PubMed:26813123

The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information PubMed:26813123

Another important function of the cholinergic system is to regulate the sleep cycle PubMed:26813123

Moreover, the interaction of the cholinergic and glutamatergic systems seems to be important not only for cognitive processes but also for neuroprotection, as it has been shown that nicotinic receptors agonists are neuroprotective in a mechanism that is Ca2+-dependent and that involves the glutamatergic system PubMed:26813123

Moreover, the interaction of the cholinergic and glutamatergic systems seems to be important not only for cognitive processes but also for neuroprotection, as it has been shown that nicotinic receptors agonists are neuroprotective in a mechanism that is Ca2+-dependent and that involves the glutamatergic system PubMed:26813123

Because ACh has an important role in cognitive processes, the cholinergic system is pointed as an important factor in many forms of dementia, including AD PubMed:26813123

Because ACh has an important role in cognitive processes, the cholinergic system is pointed as an important factor in many forms of dementia, including AD PubMed:26813123

Recent evidence indicates that cholinergic hypofunction is closely linked to Abeta and tau pathologies[20]. As a major receptor group for ACh, mAChRs have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of AD. PubMed:24590577

Recent evidence indicates that cholinergic hypofunction is closely linked to Abeta and tau pathologies[20]. As a major receptor group for ACh, mAChRs have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of AD. PubMed:24590577

In 2011, we know that cholinergic actions in the brain govern various processes: cognition (attention and executive function) (Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007; Heath and Picciotto, 2009; Howe et al., 2010), learning and memory (Gould, 2006; Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007), mood (anxiety, depression) (Picciotto et al., 2008), reward (addiction, craving) (Tang and Dani, 2009), and sensory processing (Heath and Picciotto, 2009) PubMed:21482353

In 2011, we know that cholinergic actions in the brain govern various processes: cognition (attention and executive function) (Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007; Heath and Picciotto, 2009; Howe et al., 2010), learning and memory (Gould, 2006; Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007), mood (anxiety, depression) (Picciotto et al., 2008), reward (addiction, craving) (Tang and Dani, 2009), and sensory processing (Heath and Picciotto, 2009) PubMed:21482353

In 2011, we know that cholinergic actions in the brain govern various processes: cognition (attention and executive function) (Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007; Heath and Picciotto, 2009; Howe et al., 2010), learning and memory (Gould, 2006; Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007), mood (anxiety, depression) (Picciotto et al., 2008), reward (addiction, craving) (Tang and Dani, 2009), and sensory processing (Heath and Picciotto, 2009) PubMed:21482353

In 2011, we know that cholinergic actions in the brain govern various processes: cognition (attention and executive function) (Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007; Heath and Picciotto, 2009; Howe et al., 2010), learning and memory (Gould, 2006; Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007), mood (anxiety, depression) (Picciotto et al., 2008), reward (addiction, craving) (Tang and Dani, 2009), and sensory processing (Heath and Picciotto, 2009) PubMed:21482353

In 2011, we know that cholinergic actions in the brain govern various processes: cognition (attention and executive function) (Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007; Heath and Picciotto, 2009; Howe et al., 2010), learning and memory (Gould, 2006; Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007), mood (anxiety, depression) (Picciotto et al., 2008), reward (addiction, craving) (Tang and Dani, 2009), and sensory processing (Heath and Picciotto, 2009) PubMed:21482353

In 2011, we know that cholinergic actions in the brain govern various processes: cognition (attention and executive function) (Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007; Heath and Picciotto, 2009; Howe et al., 2010), learning and memory (Gould, 2006; Couey et al., 2007; Levin and Rezvani, 2007), mood (anxiety, depression) (Picciotto et al., 2008), reward (addiction, craving) (Tang and Dani, 2009), and sensory processing (Heath and Picciotto, 2009) PubMed:21482353

While genetic linkages of lynx family members to neurological disorders have not been found, evidence for cholinergic dysregulation has been linked to a lynx family member expressed in nonneuronal tissues and involved in human disease (Chimienti et al., 2003), and as such, alterations in lynx dosage may be useful in ameliorating cognitive decline associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. PubMed:21482353

The presynaptic vesicular acetylcholine transporter vesamicol ([123I]iodobenzovesamicol) has been used in vivo as a marker of presynaptic cholinergic activity in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies (Kuhl et al 1996) PubMed:11230871

One of the salient events at early stages of this disease (usually pre- clinical) is the impairment in hippocampus-based episodic memory which can be improved by enhancement of cholinergic transmission [191]. PubMed:22040696